Ambassador Robert Joseph is senior scholar at the National Institute for Public Policy. In the George W. Bush administration, he was under secretary of state for Arms Control and International Security and later U.S. special envoy for Nuclear Nonproliferation. Prior to his positions at the State Department, Ambassador Joseph served in the National Security Council as special assistant to the president for Proliferation Strategy, Counterproliferation and Homeland Defense. Prior to 2001, Dr. Joseph was professor of National Security Studies and founder of the Center for Counterproliferation Research at the National Defense University. He served as U.S. Commissioner to the Standing Consultative Commission and as head of the U.S. delegation to the U.S.-Russian Commission on Nuclear Testing. Dr. Joseph has a BA from Saint Louis University, MA from the University of Chicago, and Ph.D. from Columbia University. He taught at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tulane University, and Carleton College.